One thing about Biological Sciences is that it does not care if you are rich or poor. It just there to be discovered and understood. Of course the more the observer, the more you can understand it. But it is a function of what cards you are given, what chances you have and once in a while what luck you have. Perseverance comes in handy so never give up. And in research, no road should remain unturned because you just don't know where it may lead. And no road should be left unchallenged. Even a negative study established a fact suspected or unsuspected. It warns to those who come after us not to repeat the mistake our predecessors made.
Basic principle are the same but cells have shown adaptation to the environment. It got to since our environment is randomly and constantly changing, with at time coordinated progression. The key is in the work, working hard and long leads to success whatever success means!
From a scientific point of view, life emerges from an incredible amount of chains of reactions which apparently are following a certain logic which makes the law of nature. These reactions are contained within a controlled environment capable of migration, differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, embryogenesis and energy production and consumption, senescence and programed death.
With the arrival of new stimuli created in the environment, membrane receptors constantly expand the panoply of their ligands. And cells solicit their NF-kB and C-jun to adapt and offer an adaption response. The cell solicits it genes and creates transcription factors to formulate and express the response. When it potentials are exhausted, program death is initiated, Death traps are hidden through out the cell from the membrane where are located Death Receptors, to the Cytosol where various caspases and capsaicins. Cellular death can happen also with Necrosis and Anoikis. AUTOPHAGIA CAN KILL CELLS BUT MOST OF THE TIME IT IS PROTECTIVE, OCCURS WITH STRESS!
GENENTEC REPORTED ALSO!
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Apoptotic pathways
Apoptosis is triggered through 2 signaling pathways2:Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
As its name suggests, the intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway is initiated from within the cell (Figure 3.1).3This pathway is often activated in response to signals resulting from DNA damage, loss of cell-survival factors, or other types of severe cell stress. Normally, pro-apoptotic proteins are released from the mitochondria to activate caspase proteases and trigger apoptosis.3
Enlarge this image When these pro-apoptotic signals are not released, the cell cannot die.1 The intrinsic pathway hinges on the balance of activity between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals of the Bcl-2 family.14 Preclinical studies indicate that members of the Bcl-2 family regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and determine whether a pro- or anti-apoptotic signal will be released inside the cell.15
Research implies that in this cascade, the anti-apoptotic proteins (eg, Bcl-XL) antagonize Bax and Bak by binding to their BH3 domains. This antagonism is relieved by BH3-only, pro-apoptotic proteins (eg, BIM, BID, BAD, NOXA, PUMA), which alternately bind to anti-apoptotic proteins, like Bcl-XL. In normal cells, cellular stress would result in an upregulation of these BH3-only proteins in order to initiate apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.3
Currently, the intrinsic pathway is more widely implicated as a blockade to tumorigenesis.2
Extrinsic pathway
The extrinsic pathway begins outside the cell through activation of pro-apoptotic receptors on the cell surface. These are activated by molecules known as pro-apoptotic ligands.12Preclinical studies show that ligand binding causes receptors to cluster and ultimately form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC).12
Upon DISC activation, the extrinsic pathway has been seen to adopt the same effector caspase machinery as the intrinsic pathway.12"
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WHATEVER YOU RESEARCH CURE OF CANCER MAINLY HAPPENS WHEN CANCER CELL DEATH OCCURS. KEEP YOU EYES ON THE BALL.
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