IN DEPTH INVESTIGATION, BRAIN INJURY--CRBCM
(THIS IS PART OF A PROTOCOL SUBMITTED FOR RESEARCH)

After a trauma to the brain, and in a mature brain, excitatory messages or stimuli lead to the release of Glutamate at the pre-synaptic membrane.  Glutamate released forthwith, will go on to stimulate those well known post-synaptic ionotropic receptors (AMPAR and NMDAR).
The intensity of the post-synaptic stimulation is in fact related to the amount of  receptors clustered in the involved region of the post-synaptic membrane, and the intensity of the ion traffic in the ionotropic channels, leading to variation in the voltage dependent activation of post synaptic events.  This variation of activation and electric status linked to ion displacement has been summarized in the concept: "SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY".

Depending on the nature of subunits of the post-synaptic Receptor (content in NR2B), the post-synaptic event can be inhibitory or activating.  A global positive influx of Calcium through the channels mentioned above lead ultimately to a post-synaptic phosphorylation of the powerful ERK-MAP-Kinase signal transduction pathways with significant physiological consequences.

See, when stress is the initiating event, a particular member of the MAPK family called the C-jun will be awakened up.  The C-Jun terminal protein (JNK) will unveil all its might and strike by way of phosphorylation various substrates in the Nucleus, the Mitochondria and right there in the Cytosol.

In the Mitochondria, the stress and toxic induced C-jun lead to loss of MMP and induce  Cytochrome C release into the Cytosol with resulting activation of the Caspase cascade which leads to Apoptosis or NEURONAL DEATH.

At Nuclear and Cytoplasmic levels, C-jun downregulate Bcl-2, (and MCL-1), up regulate BAX which are pro-Apototic moves or processes, but it also induce pro-inflammatory (TNF alpha, Interleukin 6,8) Cyclins to cause death by Necrosis.  At Glial level, these pro-inflammatory cyclins leads to Neuro-Degeneration.

At CRBCM we believe that in this day in age, letting neurodegeneration set in without intervention is not only ignorant, but not responsible!!!!!  We got to act...respond somehow...our leaders are holding funds and holding us back!    SAY SOMETHING!!  MY READERS !

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